An Introduction to the Literature of the Old Testament Samuel Rolles Driver 9781143015373 Books
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An Introduction to the Literature of the Old Testament Samuel Rolles Driver 9781143015373 Books
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An Introduction to the Literature of the Old Testament Samuel Rolles Driver 9781143015373 Books Reviews
Samuel Rolles Driver (1846-1914) was an English divine and Hebrew scholar, known for his textual and critical study of the Old Testament. He wrote other books, such as A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on Deuteronomy,The Book Of Genesis,A Treatise on the Use of the Tenses in Hebrew and Some Other Syntactical Questions, etc.
He wrote in the Preface to this 1897 book, “The aim of the present volume is to furnish an account, at once descriptive and historical, or the Literature of the Old Testament. It is not… an Introduction to the THEOLOGY, or to the HISTORY, or even to the STUDY, of the Old Testament… It is an introduction to the LITERATURE of the Old Testament; and what I conceived this to include was an account of the contents and structure of the several books, together with such an indication of their general character and aim as I could find room for in the space at my disposal… In a critical study of the Old Testament, there is an important distinction, which should be kept in mind. It is that of degrees of probability. The probability of a conclusion depends upon the nature of the grounds on which it rests; and some conclusions reached by critics of the Old Testament are for this reason more probable than others… It has been no part of my object to represent conclusions as more certain than is authorized by the facts upon which the depend….I desire what I have just said to be applied in particular to the analysis of the Hexateuch. That the ‘Priests’ Code’ formed a clearly defined document… appears to me to be more than sufficiently established by a multitude of convergent indications; and I have nowhere signified any doubt on this conclusion. On the other hand, in the remained of the narrative of Gen.-Numbers and of Joshua, though there are facts which satisfy me that this also is not homogeneous, I believe that the analysis … is frequently uncertain… Accordingly, as regards ‘JE’… I do not desire to lay equal stress upon all the particulars of the analysis, or to be supposed to hold that the line of demarcation between its component parts is at every point as clear and certain as it is between P and other parts of the Hexateuch.” (Pg. iii-v) He concludes, “The age and authorship of the books of the Old Testament can be determined (so far as this is possible) only upon the basis of the internal evidence supplied by the books themselves, by methods such as those followed in the present volume no external evidence worthy of credit exists.” (Pg. x-xi)
He says of Genesis, “This source, or document, has received different names, suggested by one or other of the various characteristics attaching to it. From its preference … for the absolute use of the name God (‘Elohim’) rather than Jehovah, it has been termed the Elohistic narrative and its author has been called the Eloihist… it has been styled the ‘Priests’ Code.’ This last designation is in strictness applicable only to the ceremonial sections in Ex.-Nu; these, however, form such a large and characteristic portion of the work, that the title may not unsuitably be extended so as to embrace the whole; and it may be represented conveniently… by the letter P.” (Pg. 10)
Later, he suggests of Deuteronomy, “Inasmuch as our existing Pent, JE and P repeatedly cross one another, the constant absence of any reference to P can only be reasonably explained by one supposition… that when Dt. was composed JE and P were not yet united into a single work, and JE alone formed the basis of Dt.” (Pg. 81) He adds, “The influence of Dt. upon subsequent writers is clear and indisputable. It is remarkable, now, that the early prophets, Amos, Hosea, and the indisputed portions of Isaiah, show no certain traces of this influence; Jeremiah exhibits marks of it on nearly every page; Ezekiel I and II Isaiah are also evidently influenced by it. If Dt. were composed in the period between Isaiah and Jeremiah, these facts would be exactly accounted for.” (Pg. 88) He points out, “P, both in method and literary style, offers a striking contrast to either J or E. P is not satisfied to cast into a literary form what may be termed the POPULAR conception of the patriarchal and Mosaic age; his aim is to give a systematic view, from a priestly standpoint, of the origin and chief institutions of the Israelitish theocracy. For this purpose, the ABSTRACT of the history is sufficient.” (Pg. 126)
He comments on Isaiah 40-66 “These chapters form a continuous prophecy, dealing throughout with a common theme, viz., Israel’s restoration from exile in Babylon. There is no thought in the prophecy of the troubles or dangers to which Judah was exposed at the hands of Sargon or Sennacherib; the empire of Assyria has been succeeded by that of Babylon; Jerusalem and the Temple have been for long in ruins… Israel is in exile… And the power of the Chaldeans is to all appearance as secure as ever; the Jewish exiles are in despair or indifferent; they think that God has forgotten them, and have ceased to expect, or desire, their release.” (Pg. 230) He adds, “In the present prophecy there is no PREDICTION of exile; the exile is not announced as something still future; it is PRESUPPOSED, and only they RELEASE from it is predicted.” (Pg. 237)
He says of Daniel 9, “As commonly understood, it is a prediction of the death of Christ, and the destruction of Jerusalem by Titus. But this view labours under serious difficulties. (1) If the 490 years are to end with the Crucifixion, A.D. 29, they must begin c. 458 B.C., a date which coincides with the decree of Artaxerxes and the mission of Ezra (Ezra 7). But this decree contains no command whatever ‘to restore and rebuild Jerusalem’… (2) In the 490 years, the first 49 are distinguished from those that follow, their close being marked by a break, as though some epoch were signalized by it; but no historical importance is known to attach in Jewish history to the year 409 B.C. (3) Christ did not ‘confirm a covenant with many for one week’ (=7 years)…” (Pg. 495) Later, he adds, “The verdict of the language of Daniel is thus clear. The PERSIAN words presuppose a period after the Persian empire had been well established the Greek words DEMAND, the Hebrew SUPPORTS, and the Aramaic PERMITS, a date after the conquest of Palestine by Alexander the Great (B.C. 332)… though … the name of [a musical] instrument … would seem to point to a date somewhat advanced in the Greek period.” (Pg. 508)
Driver was one of the architects of the OT documentary hypothesis; his comments are still of relevance and value to anyone critically studying the Old Testament.
""The book was "digitally remastered", which produced a nearly unreadable book. The ink in the letters were very faint and the smaller fonts were an indistinct jumble.
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